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TTS Module 11A - Aeroplane Aerodynamics, Structures and Systems for EASA Part 66 for B1

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2192 pages in 5 volumes as follows

Volume 1 - Chapters 1,2 and 3 (Aerodynamics and Structures) - 354 pages

Volume 2 - Chapters 5 and 18 (Avionic Systems and On Board Maintenance Systems) - 565 pages

Volume 3 - Chapters 6 and 14 (Electrical Systems and Lights) - 322 pages

Volume 4 - Chapters 4,7,8,9 and 10 (Mechanical systems) - 442 pages

Volume 5 - Chapters 11, 12, 13, 15 and 16 (Mechanical systems continued) - 452 pages

CONTENTS

Module 11.1 Theory of Flight   

11.1.1 Aeroplane Aerodynamics and Flight Controls        

  • The Atmosphere    
  • The Aeroplane Anatomy  
  • Four Forces of Flight         
  • Three Axes of Flight          
  • Turning Flight         
  • The Stall      
  • Aircraft Stability      
  • Aircraft Control       
  • Control Configuration       
  • High Lift Devices   
  • Stall Strips   
  • Vortex Generators  
  • Spoilers, Lift Dumps and Speed Brakes
  • Secondary Control Surfaces       
  • Other Control Surface Features  
  • V Speeds     

11.1.2 High Speed Flight

  • Introduction
  • Terminology
  • Speed of Sound     
  • Shock Waves         
  • Wave Drag  
  • Effects of Compressibility on Lift
  • Aerodynamic Heating       
  • Area Rule    
  • Supersonic Intakes
  • Effects of Increasing Mach No on Stability       
  • Sweepback
  • Shock Stall  

Module 11.2 Airframe Structures – General Concepts      

(a)    

  • Airworthiness Requirements for Structural Strength  
  • Safe-Life      
  • Fail-Safe Design    
  • Damage Tolerance
  • Structural Classification   
  • Dimensions and Locations          
  • Aircraft Structural Design
  • System Installation Provision      
  • Drains and Ventilation Provision
  • Lightning Strike Protection (LSP) and Static Dissipation       
  • Stresses Acting on an Aeroplane Structure     
  • Stress, Strain and Hooke’s Law  
  • Structure Definitions         

(b)    

  • Construction Methods of Aeroplanes    
  • Structure Assembly Techniques
  • Riveting       
  • Bolting         
  • Bonding       
  • Surface Protection
  • Aircraft Cleaning    
  • Aircraft Symmetry Checks

Module 11.4 Air Conditioning and Pressurisation  (ATA 21)       

11.4.1 Air Supply 

  • EASA Regulations
  • Air Supply Sources
  • Conditioned Air Ground Sources (Low Pressure Supply)     
  • Ram Air Systems   
  • Compressor or Blower Systems  
  • Engine and APU Bleed Systems
  • Ground Service Connection        
  • Flow Control System         
  • Pack Valves (Transport Category Aircraft)        

11.4.2 Air Conditioning  

  • Human Needs in Flight    
  • The Physics of Cabin Atmosphere Control      
  • Heating Systems    
  • Air Conditioning Systems
  • Vapour Cycle Systems     
  • Air Cycle Systems  
  • Distribution Systems         
  • Temperature Control System       

11.4.3 Pressurisation     

  • Fundamentals        
  • Terms and Definitions      
  • Pressurization Control Systems  
  • Pressurization System Monitoring Devices      
  • Outflow Valves       
  • Analogue and Digital Pressurization Control Systems          
  • Pressure Control Panel    
  • Flight Profile
  • System Interfaces  
  • Testing of Pressurisation Systems         
  • Maintenance          

11.4.4 Safety and Warning Devices    

  • Handling Precautions       
  • Failures Resulting in High Cabin Altitude        
  • Negative Cabin Differential Pressure Relief    
  • Positive Cabin Differential Pressure Relief      
  • Blowout Panels      
  • Ditching       
  • Landing Field Elevation Selector
  • Emergency Ram Air Source        
  • Indication and Warning of Pressurisation Systems    

Module 11.5 Instruments/Avionic Systems  

11.5.1 Instrument Systems (ATA 31)  

  • Aircraft Indicating Systems – General    
  • Variable Resistance Systems      
  • Synchros     
  • Direct Torquer Systems    
  • Servo Systems       
  • Resolvers    
  • Linear Variable Differential Transducers (LVDTs)      
  • Rotary Variable Differential Transducers (RVDTs)     
  • Servo Loops
  • Pressure Measuring Instruments
  • Absolute Pressure Instruments   
  • Gauge Pressure Instruments      
  • Differential Pressure Instruments
  • Strain Gauges        
  • Piezo-Resistive Sensors  
  • Variable Frequency Signals        
  • Temperature Measurement          
  • Non-Electrical Temperature Measurements     
  • Temperature Dependant Resistors        
  • Quantity Indication System          
  • DC Electrical Indicators    
  • Digital Fuel Quantity Indicating System
  • Stall Warning and Angle of Attack Systems     
  • Stall Warning Systems     
  • Angle of Attack Indicators
  • Pitot-Static Systems
  • International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)         
  • Light Aircraft System         
  • Large Aircraft System        
  • Air Data Sensors    
  • Air Data Module     
  • Altimeters    
  • Principle of Operation       
  • Drum-Type Altimeters       
  • Pressure Altitude   
  • Density Altitude      
  • The Sensitive Altimeter     
  • Types of Altitude Measurement  
  • Altimeter Indicators
  • Altimeter Errors       
  • Blockages and Leakages
  • Servo Altimeters     
  • Encoding Altimeters          
  • Altimeter Tests        
  • Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)     
  • Principle of Operation       
  • VSI Errors    
  • VSI Faults   
  • Instantaneous Vertical Speed Indicator (IVSI)
  • Airspeed Indicator (ASI)    
  • Principle of Operation       
  • Airspeeds    
  • True Airspeed (TAS) Indicators   
  • ASI Errors    
  • ASI Faults   
  • Temperatures         
  • Total Air Temperature        
  • Static Air Temperature      
  • Mach Speed
  • Altitude versus IAS/Mach
  • Overspeed Warning          
  • Mach Meter
  • Combination Airspeed Indicator
  • Mach meter Construction and Operation          
  • Mach Meter Errors
  • Mach Meter Blockages and Leakages   
  • Mach Meter Accuracy       
  • Air Data Computer
  • General        
  • Examples of Airdata Systems      
  • Gyroscopic Instruments    
  • Rigidity         
  • Precession  
  • Types of Gyro         
  • Vertical Gyro
  • Attitude Indicator    
  • Erection of the Vertical Gyros      
  • Remote Artificial Horizon Indicator         
  • Directional Gyro     
  • Slaving of Directional Gyro          
  • Gyro Wander          
  • Rate Gyro    
  • Turn and Slip Indication   
  • Turn Coordinator Indicator
  • Gyro Instrument Power Systems
  • Magnetic Compasses       
  • Earth’s Magnetic Field      
  • Aeroplane Magnetism       
  • Deviation and its Compensation
  • Regulation (EASA) Limits
  • Compass Swinging
  • Deviation Compensation Devices          
  • Summary of Deviation and Variation     
  • Direct Reading (Standby) Magnetic Compass
  • Direct Reading Compass Errors
  • Turning Errors        
  • Other Errors
  • Flux Valve   
  • Slaved Gyro Compass      
  • Compass Systems
  • Remote compensator

11.5.2 - Avionic Systems (ATA 22/23/34)

  • Autoflight (ATA 22)          
  • Introduction
  • Synchronisation    
  • Terms and Definitions      
  • System Layouts      
  • Layout Examples   
  • Autopilot      
  • Flight Director         
  • Servo Actuators      
  • Control Wheel Steering    
  • Operational Modes
  • Landing       
  • Pitch Trim    
  • Yaw Damping         
  • Auto Throttle/Thrust
  • Automatic Landing
  • Fault Isolation and Test    
  • Communications (ATA 23)        
  • Radio Communication - General
  • VHF Communication        
  • HF Communication
  • SELCAL      
  • Satellite Communication (SATCOM)     
  • Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS)       
  • Audio Integrating   
  • Interphone  
  • Passenger Address
  • Cabin Intercommunication Data System (CIDS)         
  • Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR)    
  • Navigation Systems (ATA 34)   
  • Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)    
  • Inertial Navigation System (INS)
  • Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)          
  • VHF Navigation - Overview         
  • Instrument Landing System (ILS)
  • VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR)       
  • Marker Beacon       
  • Distance Measurement Equipment (DME)       
  • Global Position System (GPS)    
  • Area Navigation (RNAV)  
  • Navigation Radio Tuning
  • Flight Management System (FMS)         
  • Radio Altimeter       
  • Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS)    
  • ATC Transponder  
  • Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)
  • Weather Radar       
  • Flight Data Recorder (FDR)         

Module 11.6 Electrical Power   

  • Introduction - Types of Electrical Power
  • Direct Current (DC)
  • Alternating Current (AC)  
  • Aircraft Systems     
  • Batteries      
  • Primary Cells          
  • Secondary Cells    
  • Aircraft Main Batteries       
  • Aircraft Lead-Acid Batteries         
  • Aircraft Nickel-Cadmium Batteries          
  • Battery Capacity     
  • Battery Room Tests
  • NiCad Battery Thermal Runaway
  • Battery Installations
  • Grouping of Multiple Batteries     
  • Battery Charging    
  • Maintenance Practices     
  • Storage and Transportation         
  • Direct Current (DC) Generation  
  • Theory          
  • Construction
  • Inspection and Maintenance       
  • DC Generator Storage      
  • DC Generator Circuits      
  • DC Alternators        
  • Twin Engined Aircraft DC Alternator System   
  • Turbine-Engine Starter-Generator System       
  • Alternating Current (AC) Generation     
  • Theory and Types  
  • Power in a Three-Phase System
  • Frequency Wild Generators and Systems        
  • Constant-speed Generators        
  • Voltage Regulation
  • Carbon-pile Voltage Regulator   
  • Vibrator-type Voltage Regulator  
  • Three-Unit Regulators      
  • Error Sensing Bridge Method      
  • Solid-state Voltage Regulators    
  • Magnetic Amplifier Voltage Regulator   
  • Constant Speed Drive Unit (CSDU) and Integrated Drive Generator (IDG)
  • Principle of the CSDU/IDG          
  • CSDU in a Non-Paralleled System        
  • Operation    
  • Governing System
  • CSDU in a Paralleled System     
  • The Integrated Drive Generator (IDG)   
  • IDG Hydraulic System       
  • Flightdeck Control and Indication of the CSDU/IDG  
  • Brushless Generator         
  • General Principle   
  • Stationary Magnet Type    
  • The Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG) type
  • Variable Speed Constant Frequency (VSCF) Generators     
  • General Principle   
  • Operation    
  • Built In Test (BIT)   
  • Emergency Power Generation    
  • Ram Air Turbine (RAT)     
  • Constant Speed Motor/Generator
  • Transformer Rectifiers      
  • Diodes as Rectifier
  • Rectifier Types       
  • Transformer Rectifier Unit (TRU)
  • Inverters       
  • Rotary Inverter        
  • Static Inverter          
  • Power Sources Summary
  • External/Ground Power    
  • DC Ground Power (Small Aircraft)         
  • AC Ground Power (3-phase)       
  • Electrical Power Distribution       
  • Hardware Overview
  • Busbars       
  • Circuit Breakers     
  • Relays          
  • Fuses
  • Ammeter and Loadmeter  
  • Example Circuits    
  • Generator / Busbar Connection and Disconnection   
  • Circuit Protection   
  • Fuses and Current Limiters         
  • Circuit Breakers     
  • Reverse Current Cut-out Relays
  • Overvoltage Protection     
  • AC Supply System Protection     
  • Undervoltage Protection   
  • Under/Over Frequency     
  • Maintenance Practices     
  • Electrical Distribution Systems    
  • AC Distribution       
  • DC Distribution      
  • Split Bus Systems  
  • Example - A320      
  • Paralleled Systems
  • Reactive and Real Load Sharing
  • Methods       
  • Fault Protection      
  • Electrical Load Control Unit (ELCU)      
  • AC Load Shedding
  • Fault Protection      
  • Parameters  
  • Merz-Price Protection System     
  • Manual Tripping of the GCR       
  • Built In Test Equipment (BITE)    
  • Flightdeck Controls and Indication       

Module 11.7 Equipment and Furnishings (ATA 25)

(a)    

  • Emergency Equipment   
  • General       
  • Layout         
  • Fire Gloves
  • Torches      
  • Oxygen Bottles     
  • Fire Extinguishers
  • Life Vests   
  • Megaphone
  • Fire Axe       
  • Emergency Evacuation  
  • Emergency Evacuation Requirements          
  • Escape Slides       
  • Flight Crew Emergency Exits   
  • Emergency Ropes

(b)

  • Cockpit       
  • Layout         
  • Pilot’s Seats
  • Observer’s Seats  
  • Attendant’s Seats
  • Seat Belts and Shoulder Harnesses   
  • Furnishing Materials       
  • Cabin
  • Layout         
  • Passenger Seats  
  • Galleys        
  • Lavatories  
  • Placards     
  • Cargo Compartments     
  • Bulk Cargo Compartments       
  • Container Cargo Compartments         
  • Cargo Compartment Linings    
  • Cargo Handling and Retention Equipment   
  • Webbing and Nets
  • Passenger Service Units (PSU)
  • General       
  • Passenger signs  
  • Attendant Call       
  • Airstairs      
  • General       
  • Folding / Retractable Airstairs  
  • Airstair Operation
  • Cabin Entertainment Systems  
  • In Flight Entertainment (IFE)     
  • Passenger Visual Information System
  • Passenger Entertainment System (PES)       
  • Multiplex Techniques     
  • System Controls  
  • Matsushita System 2000E

Module 11.8 Fire Protection (ATA 26)

(a)

  • Requirements for Fire     
  • Fire Detection Systems  
  • Fire Detectors and Overheat Detection Systems    
  • Thermal Switches
  • Continuous-Loop Detector Systems  
  • Pneumatic Types Fire/Overheat Detectors   
  • Pneumatic System Leak Warning Systems  
  • Maintenance Practices   
  • Detection Systems          
  • Fire Detection or Control Unit   
  • Smoke and Flame Detectors     
  • Carbon Monoxide Detectors     
  • Visual Smoke Detectors
  • Fire Zones  
  • Fire-Extinguishing Systems      
  • Fire-Extinguishing Agents         
  • High-Rate-Discharge (HRD) Extinguishing Systems         
  • Servicing of Fire-Extinguishing Systems      
  • Fire Protection Systems
  • APU  
  • Cargo Compartment       
  • Lavatory Smoke Detection        
  • Waste Bin Fire Extinguisher     
  • Lavatory Regulatory Requirements    
  • Avionics Smoke Detection        
  • Example System – Boeing 737
  • Engine Fire Extinguishing Systems   
  • Typical Large Commercial Twin Jet Fire Extinguishing System
  • Common Extinguishing Agents, Approved for Engine Fire Extinguishing     
  • Engine Bottle Discharge Indicators

(b)

  • Portable Fire Extinguishers      
  • EASA Requirements       
  • Types of Portable Fire Extinguisher   
  • Maintenance and Inspection

Module 11.9 Flight Controls (ATA 27)

  • Control System Overview
  • Primary controls: aileron, elevator, rudder, spoiler       
  • Trim Control
  • Pitch Trimming       
  • Versine Signal       
  • Active Load Control
  • High Lift Devices   
  • Lift Dump and Speed Brakes      
  • Torque Limiting      
  • Artificial Feel and Centring          
  • Flutter Damping     
  • Yaw Damper
  • Mach Trim   
  • Rudder Limiter        
  • Gust Locks  
  • Stall Protection Systems   
  • Rigging of Cable Operated Flight Controls       
  • Fly By Wire

Module 11.10 Fuel Systems (ATA 28)

  • Requirements         
  • Fuel Tanks  
  • Fuel Feed System
  • Cross-Feed System
  • Fuelling and Defuelling the System      
  • Fuel Quantity Indication System
  • Fuel Jettison System         
  • Longitudinal Balance Fuel Systems      
  • Fuel Contamination

Module 11.11 Hydraulic Power (ATA 29)      

  • Introduction
  • Aircraft Hydraulics Definition      
  • What is a hydraulic system?        
  • Advantages of Hydraulic Systems          
  • Some Devices Operated by Hydraulic Systems in Aircraft     
  • Theory of Operation          
  • Hydraulic Circuits  
  • System Layout        
  • Overview     
  • Typical System Architecture        
  • Power Packs
  • Hydraulic Fluids     
  • Vegetable Based Fluids   
  • Mineral Based Fluids        
  • Phosphate Ester Based Fluids   
  • Skydrol         
  • Compressibility of Hydraulic fluid
  • Hydraulic Fluid Sampling and Analysis
  • Hydraulic Pumps   
  • Classification of Pumps   
  • Gear Pumps
  • Vane Pump
  • Reciprocating (Piston) Pumps    
  • Engine Driven Pump (EDP)        
  • Electric Motor Driven Pump (EMDP)      
  • Emergency and Auxiliary Pressure Generation          
  • Pressure Generation for Servicing and Testing
  • Hand Pumps          
  • Ram Air Turbine (RAT)     
  • Power Transfer Unit (PTU)
  • Air Driven Pump (ADP)    
  • Hydraulic System Components  
  • Hydraulic Reservoir
  • Hydraulic Actuators
  • Hydraulic Filters     
  • Pressure Relief Valves (PRV)     
  • Thermal Relief Valves      
  • Hydraulic Seals      
  • Hydraulic Accumulators   
  • Priority Valves        
  • Shuttle Valves        
  • Pressure Reducing Valve
  • Brake Control Valves        
  • Non-return Valves (Check Valves)         
  • Restrictor Valves    
  • Automatic Cut-out Valves (ACOV)         
  • Sequence Valves  
  • Hydraulic Fuses     
  • Modulators  
  • Hydraulic Selectors
  • Control, Indication and Warning
  • Flightdeck Control Panels
  • Flightdeck Indications       
  • Pressure Indication
  • Pressure Switch     
  • Quantity Indication
  • Low Level Switch   
  • Flow Indication       
  • Temperature Indication     
  • Maintenance          
  • Components for Servicing Purposes     
  • Sampling     
  • Flushing      
  • Draining the System         
  • Filling the System  
  • Routine Maintenance       
  • Seals
  • Storage

Module 11.12 Ice and Rain Protection (ATA 30)

  • Ice Formation         
  • Ice Formation in Flight      
  • Classification of Ice
  • Definitions  
  • Ice Detection
  • Visual Method for Ice Detection  
  • Ice Detection Spot Lights
  • Pressure Operated Ice Detector  
  • Vibrating Rod Ice Detector
  • Hot Rod Ice Detector         
  • Serrated Rotor Ice Detector Head
  • Radioactive Ice Detector System
  • Anti-Icing/De-Icing Systems        
  • Aerofoil Ice Protection       
  • Thermal (Hot-Air) Systems
  • Electrical Systems
  • Fluid De-Icing Systems    
  • Pneumatic De-Icing System        
  • Engine Anti-Ice Systems  
  • General        
  • Engine Anti-Ice Valves     
  • Engine Anti-Ice P/B or Switch     
  • Swirl Tube or Piccolo Duct
  • Windshield De-icing and Anti-icing Systems   
  • Fluid De-Icing System      
  • Electrical Anti-icing System         
  • Windshield Wiper System
  • Rain Repellent System     
  • Probes and Drain Heating
  • Introduction
  • Heated Air Data Probes    
  • General Safety Precautions        
  • Typical Probe Heating System    
  • Probe Heating System Monitored by Current Sensing Relays         
  • Probe Heating System controlled by Probe Heat Computer  
  • Potable and Waste Water Heating Systems     
  • Water and Toilet Drain Heaters

Module 11.13 Landing Gear (ATA 32)

  • General        
  • Configurations       
  • Definitions  
  • Main Landing Gear
  • Configurations       
  • Multi-Axle    
  • Weight-on-Wheels Switch
  • Nose Landing Gears         
  • Overview     
  • Centreing Cams     
  • Shimmy Dampers  
  • Shock Strut
  • General Principle   
  • Landing      
  • Take-off       
  • Servicing     
  • Extension and Retraction
  • Hydraulic Retraction Systems     
  • Retraction / Extension System Components    
  • Emergency Extension System    
  • Pneumatic Retraction System     
  • Electrical Retraction System        
  • Indication and Warning    
  • Gear Position Indication   
  • Gear-up Landing - Warning Devices     
  • Brake Temperature Monitoring and Display     
  • Wheels        
  • Construction
  • Thermal Relief Fuse Plugs          
  • Wheel Removal and Installation
  • Wheel Inspection   
  • Wheel Bearings     
  • Aircraft Tyres
  • Tubed Tyres
  • Tubeless Tyres       
  • Construction and Definitions      
  • Tread Patterns        
  • Aircraft Tyre Ratings          
  • Aircraft Tyre Types
  • Aircraft Tyre Dimensions and Markings
  • Other Markings       
  • Chine Tyres
  • Aircraft Tyre Inflation         
  • Aircraft Tyre Wear Limitations      
  • Tyre Inspection and Damage      
  • Fitting Tubed Tyres
  • Fitting Tubeless Tyres       
  • Wheels Suitable for Tubed or Tubeless Tyres
  • Assembling the Wheel     
  • Inflation and Testing         
  • Immersion Test       
  • Tyre Creep  
  • Maintenance of Tyres       
  • Removing Tyres     
  • Repair of Tyres and Tubes
  • Tyre Storage
  • Aircraft Brakes        
  • General        
  • Drum Brake Systems        
  • Disc Brake Systems          
  • Carbon Brakes       
  • Brake Adjuster        
  • Inspection of Disc Brakes
  • Overheated Brakes
  • Hydraulic Braking Systems          
  • Low Pressure Systems     
  • High Pressure Systems    
  • Emergency Brake System
  • Parking Brake         
  • In-Flight Brake        
  • Bleeding the Brakes          
  • Testing the Brakes
  • Anti-Skid Systems
  • Dry Skid       
  • Aquaplaning
  • Maxaret System      
  • Electronic Anti-Skid Systems      
  • Auto Brake System
  • Steering       
  • Nose Wheel Steering        
  • Body Gear Steering

Module 11.14 Lights (ATA 33)

  • Units of Light Intensity      
  • External Lighting   
  • Overview of External Lights         
  • Requirements         
  • Landing Lights       
  • Runway Turn-Off Lights   
  • Wing Scanning Lights      
  • Taxi lights    
  • Wing Lights
  • Logo lights  
  • Wheel Well lights   
  • Position (Navigation) Lights        
  • Anti-Collision Light
  • Internal Lighting     
  • Incandescent Lights          
  • Electro Luminescent Light
  • Fluorescent Lights
  • Flightdeck Lighting
  • Cabin Lighting       
  • Cargo Compartments Lights        
  • Wheel Well Lights
  • Emergency Lighting          
  • Electro Luminescence (EL)         
  • Self Illuminating Signs     
  • Emergency Lights Control
  • Power Supplies for emergency lights    
  • Regulations for Emergency Lights        
  • Floor Proximity Escape Path Lighting    
  • Helicopter Ditching
  • Emergency Exit Lighting Activation       
  • Emergency Lighting System Characteristics    
  • Escape Window Lighting
  • Central Warning Systems (CWS)

Module 11.15 Oxygen (ATA 35)

  • The Need for Oxygen        
  • Atmospheric Composition
  • Types of Oxygen    
  • Human Affects due to Altitude    
  • Requirement of Oxygen for Passengers
  • Effective Performance Time (EPT)  &am

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